The battlefield is changing from a "friend or foe diagram" to a "network of relationships."

When Arjuna looked at both armies, he did not see nameless enemies. He saw uncles and grandfathers, teachers, brothers, cousins, sons, nephews, friends, fathers-in-law, and supporters who had come to help out of goodwill.

The battlefield instantly transforms, no longer a simple arrangement of friend and foe. There are people deeply involved in your life on both the friendly side and the enemy side. Arjuna sees the relationship between himself and each individual standing before him because he tries to confirm who he is fighting against. This "seeing" begins to profoundly change his heart.

Japanese Translation from the Gita Press Edition - Chapter 1, Sections 26 to 27 (First Half): "Arjuna saw relatives on both sides of the army."

There, Arjuna saw those standing on the field: his relatives, his grandfathers, and teachers. His uncles, brothers, sons, grandsons, and friends.

And also his father-in-law and friends from both sides of the army.

Vocabulary

"tatra" is "there."

apaśyat means "saw".

"sthitān" means "standing" or "placed".

"pārthaḥ" means Arjuna.

pitṝn means "uncles."

pitāmahān refers to "those who are ancestors," and it also includes those who are great-grandfathers.

"ācāryān" means "teachers."

"mātulān" means "paternal uncles."

bhrātṛn means "brothers," and also includes "cousins."

"putrān" means "sons," and also includes "nephews."

pautrān means "grandchildren," and in this context, it includes nephews and nieces.

sakhīn is "friends."

"śvaśurān" means "fathers-in-law".

"suhṛdaḥ" means "those who are well-disposed," "friends," or "people who think favorably of you as allies."

"senayoḥ ubhayoḥ api" means "in both armies."

Translation

At that time, Arjuna saw those who were standing in both armies.

There were: uncles, those who are considered grandfathers, teachers, maternal uncles, brothers and cousins, sons and nephews, great-nephews, friends, fathers-in-law, and kind people.

Annotative Translation

Hearing the words of his master, Arjuna raised his eyes.

And looking from above to below, I carefully observed my relatives who were standing among the two armies.

Among both armies, there were old men like Boolishrava.

Again, Bishma, Soma data, People like Barfreeka, There were also those who were ancestors such as grandfather or great-grandfather.

There were teachers like Drone Charia and Clipper Charia.

Puligita, Kuntibhoja, and Madri's brother Shalya, were maternal uncles.

Yudhisthira, Karna was a brother, Duryodhana was a cousin.

Abhimanyu, Prativindya, Ghatotkacha, Lakshmana, etc., were his sons, or the sons of his brothers or cousins.

The sons of Lakshmana were those who were considered to be grandnephews to Arjuna.

In addition, I had many friends and playmates since I was young.

Dorupada, Shibuya and others were people who could be considered my father's relatives.

Also, both armies included many kind-hearted individuals who came to participate in the battle selflessly, believing that it would be beneficial for their own side.